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Analysis Of The Movie Dracula Essay - 1191 Words

Driving Me Batty When someone mentions old school horror most people s thoughts go to some of the many horror movies from the 70 s and 80 s that are considered greatly as classics; however, does anyone ever think about the true originals from the beginning of the horror genre itself? I have always loved horror so I decided to explore deeper into what the real original classics were like. I was very eager to see what type of production went into the old horror films. I decided I would watch one of the original vampire movies: Nosferatsu 1922. The movie was adapted from the urban legends about vampires, along with, Bram Stoker s Novel: Dracula. I had never watched any horror movies as old as this one before and thought this would be an interesting new observation, especially seeing as Noferatsu is a silent film. I knew it would be very different from the other horror movies I had viewed in the past, but I did not expect what I noticed throughout the film. To shortly summarize what the movie was about here is simple plot description. Noseratsu was about a man named Hutter going to attempt to sell property to someone who lived in a castle, in the city of Transylvania. The man who lived in the castle was known as Count Orlok. On the way to the spooky looking castle, Hutter stayed at a small inn for the night and found a book about vampire lore. Vampires being called Noferatsus. Hutter was full of disbelief and found it quite humorous that there would be such aShow MoreRelatedFilm Adaptation Of Bram Stoker s Dracula1320 Words   |  6 Pagesfrightening tale of Count Dracula has struck horror into the hearts of many since it was originally penned. In 1987, Bram Stoker wrote the revolutionary tale Dracula that played off the fears of the people of the era. The plot and characters that make the novel great also translate nearly perfectly to cinematic adaptations. Starting in the early 1900’s, directors have done their best to portray the terror that the origina l novel inspired. Francis Ford Coppola’s Bram Stoker’s Dracula was released in 1992Read MoreHorror Movies Are All the same1163 Words   |  5 Pagesprevious movie. Society has paid to be entertained by these gruesome stories that we all truly fear. Before movies, people would purchase books of similar traumatic events to read in their spare time for amusement. It has been said by the Filmmakers IQs horror film lesson (2012), that writers such as Bram Stoker created graphic novels that would grab the audiences attention for years to come. But the horror movie, The House Of The Devil (1896), was noted as being the first ever horror movie. And asRead MoreThe Mystery Of Vampires From Folklore Tales1622 Words   |  7 Pagesvampires would be treasured through written masterpieces such as Polidori s The Vampyre, Penny Dreadful Varney the Vampire, and Sheridan Le Fanu s Carmilla. One particular book that made vampires a timeless horror classic would be Bram Stroker’s Dracula. Within this epic novel, Bram Stoker brought a few new traits to the folklore vampire. These new traits can now be debated as the literary vampires’ characteristics. Literary characteristics would include, sexual desire, aristocrat behavior, well-educatedRead MoreComparing Bram Stoker’s Dracula and the 1972 Film Blacula Essay1917 Words   |  8 PagesBram Stoker’s Dracula is not only a classic story of men and monsters, but a dramatic reactionary work to the perceived threats to Victorian society in nineteenth century England. In modern times there have been many film adaptations of the novel, each developing a unique analysis or criticism of the literary text within the framework of the society and time period in which it was created. The 1972 film Blacula is one of the most culturally specific variations on the story of Dracula, and highlightsRead MoreA World Of True Blood And Twilight1349 Words   |  6 Pagesis easily accepted. However according to Christopher Craft and his work on â€Å"Gender and Inversion†, that conventional vampiric sexualization is more complex than perceived. Craft’s work outlines many of Bram Stoker’s theses throughout his novel Dracula. He states how there is a gender inversion within Stoker’s vampire; questioning conventional Victorian â€Å"gender codes† as the novel unravels. Focusing primarily on the gender paradigm, Craft surfaces arguments that would shatter beliefs of homophobicRead MoreThe Twilight Saga: Redefining the Vampire Essay837 Words   |  4 Pagesvampire a new image. The storyline consists of a girl named Bella who moves to a new town in Washington, and eventually meets a vampire named Edward Cullen, and they fall in love. Jennifer Esposito’s article, â€Å"Vampires, Vixens, and Feminists: An analysis of Twilight† states, rather tha n being an evil monster, â€Å"Edward plays the hyper-masculine hero†(Esposito synopsis par. 1) and protector of Bella against the threat of other vampires trying to kill her. Edward and his family also restrain themselvesRead MoreVideo Games And Real Violence944 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the question. According to HealthLine news 91% of kids play video games and 90% of these video games are violent video games. So one would automatically assume video games promote real violence. I believe this is not true and through expert analysis and through my own experience I will not only show but, prove that video games do not promote violence. I have been playing video games for as long as I can remember. I started out playing Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles on Nintendo when I was sixRead MoreHorror Genre Dissertation6741 Words   |  27 Pages4. History of the Horror Genre PG. 5 - 9 - 5. Slasher Films and the Gender roles PG. 9 - 13 - 6. Comedy Horror PG. 13 - 16 - 7. Postmodernism and the Horror Film PG. 16 - 18 - 8. Case Study: Scream Vs. Scary Movie PG. 18 - 22 9. Conclusion PG. 23 Bibliography PG. 25 - 27 1. Abstract Page I have researched on the Horror genre, looking at when it begun, the decline in popularity it has foreseen and how it has been able to recreateRead MoreThe Little White Bird By J. M. A Brief1457 Words   |  6 Pagescreativity and death. Finding Neverland and The Aviators (Directed by M. Scorsese) are both historical biopics. The Aviator is about a seriously rich tycoon during the beginning of the 20th century. Both films are biopic however, as a viewer the Scorsese movie is felt to be more effective in convincing the audience that it is more likely a true story. Humans have a hard time believing in fairy-tales, magical lands, however, money and the story of it resonates as more truthful as it is what makes the worldRead MoreEssay on Buffy the Vampire Slayer5067 Words   |  21 PagesHelsing in Bram Stokers Dracula, who leads the young heroes into their quest to annihilate the Count, to Rupert Giles, the Watcher in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, older and more experienced adults have provided essential guidance for the younger protagonists of the genre. The differences in media of expression and the subsequent adaptations from novel to television series has not affected the presence of this character, more than a hun dred years after the publication of Dracula in 1897. What also unites

Ca Technologies Case Study free essay sample

But CA has to face a new challenge whether it continuous to keep major business in mainframe or make a thorough transformation from mainframe to cloud computing. In the process of developing, CA met a lot of problems. Developing cloud computing needs a huge amount of money. CA needs to hire more high-tech specialists. In the meantime, maybe CA still needs to spend time on maintaining current mainframe and its clients’ data. If CA want to keep its mainframe and develop cloud computing in the same time, CA should separate the company into two major department: mainframe department and cloud computing department. Even though we think CA have a lot of challenges in the transformation process. CA still has a lot of opportunities and advantages in the technology field. We recommend CA to maintain its main business in mainframe, and increase the investment in development of cloud computing. Overview CA Technologies is one of the largest independent software corporations in the world. They have maintained its well-respected position in the mainframe and client server business for the past thirty years. CA Technologies have expended their business to Asia, Africa and South America. The company created software that runs in mainframe, distributed, virtualized environments. Early mainframe computers ran software applications to help manage and automate a company’s many processes. CA Technologies and other software management companies developed software that streamlined and automated mainframe operations, lowering cost and freeing IT staff to work on more strategic projects. As the evolution of computing technologies, cloud computing dominated IT discussions. In 2007, as a 30-year-old technology business, CA had the most complete portfolio of management software from mainframe to client server. But some insiders thought the old strategy would cause the declining of the company’s revenue. After firm-wide strategic sessions and internal surveys, CA was reorganized to a new strategy. Four strategic pillars were established and a fifth area covered all aspects of CA cloud offerings. To strengthen the cloud computing capabilities, CA made some acquisitions from 2008 to 2010. Some insiders worried about this newborn company. Concerns regarding the security of cloud offerings surfaced from critics and others and positioned CA Technologies on a test to justify that cloud is safe to use. Not only opportunities, CA still faces a lot of challenges. Many challenges for CA would be solved like how to communicate the nature of CA Technologies’ strategy and transformation to its customers or something about technology and organizational issues still need to be done. Despite all the problems and challenges, CA’s leaders strongly believed the cloud computing will make the company to become the pioneer of this field. Problems Technology Issue: 1. Uncertainty of CA’s capability to do the cloud computing. As we all known that the main business of CA technologies was mainframe, and it accounted for over 60% revenue and majority of its profits. Furthermore, CA technology has possessed a good reputation in the mainframe market. As the new technology developed and the evolution of the industry, cloud computing appeared and has become the trend for the present business world. In order to develop its promising succession plan and maintain its highly competitive strength in the market, CA would like to transform its mainframe business to new technologycloud computing. Nevertheless, they do not have enough capability to get into the cloud computing market because cloud computing was based on nearly all of the concepts that were different from the mainframe environment, so this will be a challenge for the CA Technologies to get involved in the market. That is to say, the company needs talents to build up related technique and marketing experience inside the company. Also, the company needs to consider whether they have already had the enough capability to do the cloud computing by themselves. Alternative 1a. Acquisition Large corporations don’t easily innovate, so CA Technologies can choose some small companies or even integrate some startups, such as some cloud computing platform software companies, some cloud-based authentication software companies and cloud infrastructure consulting company etc. By using acquisition strategy, CA can acquire more experienced workers and gain more related resources from those small cloud computing companies. This implementation would make CA Technology get into the cloud computing market more easily. Also, Acquisition is a more efficient way that won’t take CA Technologies too much time. 2b. Self-develop research team CA technologies has already acquired several small cloud computing firms since the company changed its target from the mainframe market to the cloud computing market. Perhaps, the company can decide build its own research and developing team based on their previous acquisition to keep growing its key cloud computing technique under its market strategy. After all, after the acquisitions, CA Technologies has already had related technologies and recourses, and they do not need to do acquisitions all the time. Moreover, acquisition needs rich cash flow, and it takes time to evaluate the effect. The priority thing for CA Technologies is to integrate the technique and knowledge it acquired from those start up cloud computing companies. The company can use what they have gotten from the various acquisitions, such as the cloud computing platform, the security software solutions and some data to build up its competitive advantage. By building its own research team and growing the firm’s young talents, the company will ensure its innovation and ability to fit in the competitive cloud computing market. 2. Cloud computing security problems When the cloud computing first launched in the market, not all the people trust this new technology. Security was one of the major concerns. For the public, mainframe looks like a safer way to store data. At least, customers can see there is a mainframe in real, and the mainframe system is considered the company’s asset. On the contrary, cloud computing is entirely based on the Internet which seems vulnerable to virtual attacks. That is why some big companies refused to use cloud computing system in their business. For CA Technologies aspect, in the new era of cloud computing, any incident pertaining to privacy or security even a minor one is the fastest way to erode brand equity and consumer trust. As more and more information on individuals and companies in placed in the cloud, concerns are beginning to grow about how safe an environment it is. If the security issue doesn’t be solved, the cloud computing market will lose customers and CA Technologies will get in trouble. Alternative 2a: Strengthen the ability on solving the security issue Although cloud computing system is a new helpful technology, there is still plenty of security issues associated with this innovative technique. The security issues can be divided into two categories, security issues faced by cloud providers and security issues faced by their customers. Since now, the could computing system is based on the internet and users will be easily exposed to any kind of online threatens. Hackers can steal a lot of customer information in clouds and they will be more willing to do this since their effort can bring more profits if they succeed. For CA Technologies, the company should develop highly protective security approaches and techniques to prevent data breach and privacy issues which is more considered by the users. Alternative 2b: Eliminate misunderstandings on security issue In fact, for numerous cloud computing providers, they will not put eggs in one basket. The clients’ data might be stored separately in different places. This implementation can highly reduce the risk the clients consider the cloud computing technique. Besides developing solutions for security, correcting the stereotype of the public is also an important part for marketing department to address. Marketing Issue: 1. The change of the market. Historically, around 85% of CA Technologies’ revenues came from roughly 1000 companies that are $2 billion and above. That is to say, the traditional mainframe business strategy of the CA technology is almost focusing on big companies. However, by considering the high switching cost and the security problems, the big companies are reluctant and react slowly on making changes. What’s more, lots of mainframe fans believe that the mainframe is still the best place to store and secure data. And many think that cloud computing is â€Å"overblown†. On the other hand, more and more small businesses highly rely on online platform, signing up with private providers that make sophisticated applications more affordable. Because cloud computing can offer small businesses significant cost-saving benefits—namely, pay-as-you-go access to sophisticated software and powerful hardware, so those small and media companies are increasing more needs for cloud computing. Thus, facing the external change, CA Technologies should think of how to balance its previous mainframe business and expanding new could computing market. Alternative 1a: Develop proper market segment and maintain its previous mainframe service Different companies have different needs. CA Technologies can divide a board target market into subsets of consumers who have common needs, and then design and implement strategies to fulfill their needs and desires. Although CA Technologies reengineered itself and has gone forward to cloud computing market step by step, it doesn’t mean that CA Technologies should give up all its mainframe customers. CA Technologies still can retain their strong point-mainframe, and do business with the big companies who are reluctant to move to the cloud computing environment. Perhaps in the future when those companies find out that they should also dapt cloud computing technology, their first choice will be the CA Technologies since the company is their loyal and responsible provider. Alternative 1b: Arouse cloud computing awareness Because CA Technologies is a newcomer in the cloud computing market, not all potential customers are familiar with the company. Developing a suitable marketing strategy is critical to arouse its brand an d awareness in the market. For the B2B market, building a positive reputation is the key since the way of word of mouth can easily bring more possible customers to the company. Moreover, CA Technologies can use social media to let people know and trust the company. By using the social media, CA Technologies can tell their customers that they are not only good in the mainframe market but are also ready for the new technology, cloud computing. This can create certain impact, attract more customers and build the brand loyalty. Alternative 1c: Convince big companies to use the cloud computing To win the business deal for cloud from big companies, CA Technologies first needs to change traditional and stubborn ideas of those big companies and convince them that cloud computing is the trend in the future. Advertising the convenience of the new technology and how helpful the cloud computing is to their business will be a persuasive strategy to make them become the customers of CA Technologies. Also, reducing their worries-lower the switching cost and reducing the risk is another convincing way. After all, the main concern for all companies is to increase the revenue and reduce the cost. Furthermore, helping the big company to adapt to the cloud computing environment quickly is critical. When the movement is easy and rapid, the big companies will be willing to make the change. . Sharp competition A range of competitors has offered cloud computing products and services, including traditional software and storage management firms, security and data management firms, software service providers, or application software firms, but also hardware manufactures, and even web services companies. Lots of large companies, such as HP, IBM, Microsoft and Amazon etc are trying to seize the market shar e. Alternative 2a: More focus on some specific area such as HRIS. CA Technologies need to develop their own characteristic cloud computing products and service. We can see the form in the case Exhibit 9, the forecasting market size of SaaS is the highest in the projections for Cloud Computing. It means that there are more opportunities for CA Technologies to gain market shares in SaaS. So developing is critical. CA technologies can focus on SaaS, and there are lots of more specific software in SaaS, such as Human Resource Information System, which is software for the data entry, data tracking, and data information needs of the Human Resources, payroll, management and accounting function within a business. If CA Technologies can focus on some specific software and service, it can help the company to improve the brand image and gain more competitive advantage. Alternative 2b: global extension Cloud computing technology is the trend for the future, but it’s not widespread the entire world. In US. , the technology is developing faster than the other countries, and the competition is even sharper, so in order to increase the market share, CA Technologies can expand its market internationally, such as launching in some developing countries, helping them finding out their needs and meet their need of the new technology. Internal issues: 1. Perception from the insider We cannot deny the trend of cloud computing. Analysts pegged potential savings for enterprises using the cloud at about 40%; one analyst projected cloud computing would save Europe’s five largest economies as much as $ 920 billion from 2010-2015. CA technology should reap the benefits of the new technology. However, the industry insiders hold negative view on switching the core business to cloud computing and questioned the significance of cloud-based opportunities, they thought cloud computing has some issues concerning security, which mainframe had less. They are reluctance to accept the new technology in views. So this reluctant view impeded the development of cloud computing at full tilt. The reluctant view is demonstrated in the conservative investment in this technology, and the strategic choice in the development. Alternatives 1a: Change the perception of industry insiders by training. The industry insider questioned and suspect the cloud computing. By proper training sessions, employees will hold a common goal with the corporation, and develop the cloud computing without hesitation. Alternatives 1b: Hire talents who focus on cloud computing Hiring new talents who are specialized in the development of cloud computing is like insert new blood to the company. They will bring new ideas into the corporation. This strategy will vitalize the whole department. Alternatives 1c: Reorganized the organizational structure, and divide into two departmentsone focus on mainframe, the other focus on cloud computing. Cloud computing is the future trend of IT technology, so the company should slowly adapt to this trend, and then switch the mainframe to computer clouding. However, this transition process may take time. Now what the company can do is to set apart of the two business, and research and develop on both subjects. Because now, mainframe contributes a great deal to the annual revenue, it is unwise to give up the investment and totally switch to cloud computing. Setting up different department for the two technology development may be a choice. 2. Resource allocation Although mainframe contributes a lot to the annual revenue, it is the age of cloud technology. CA technology should newly determine the allocation of resources between mainframe and cloud computing. Alternative 2a: Continuously maintain the mainframe Mainframes may be 1960s’ technology, it did not be replaced by other new technology in more than 60 years, because it is in continuously development and improvement. And Mainframe still plays the main role in the CA technologies. Some advanced mainframes can potentially be used to build private clouds, those nebulous networks with closely delimited borders but offering several advantages of cloud computing. By maintain the mainframe, new versions of mainframes will be announced in future with customized and novel features. Alternative 2b: Enhance the investment in cloud computing. As a world-class large-scale mainframe provider, CA technology has a certain reputation and professional technical quality, so the company can on this basis to develop the cloud technology. The two technology are not excluded each other. And cloud computing is the future strategic direction. Scenarios 1. Information security risk (Likely) In the modern society, information security becomes more and more important. Massive size of data means that well operated security has to be considered, especially in the virtualized field. If an information company reveals clients’ data, it will be a huge disaster. So CA Technologies should invest some money into information security field. They can establish a network security department to deal with emergencies such as hacker’s invasion and virus. 2. Political risk (Likely) Cloud computing was created in the information era. There are still many deficiencies in legislation and management. As is known to all, sharing is a symbol of information era. 115 Cloud Drive, pioneer of Chinese cloud drive market, closed its public sharing function and lost 40% market share. 115 Company was destroyed by intellectual property law in China. So CA has to take care of new law and policies to prevent possible events. 3. Abandoning traditional service The biggest characteristic in information era is fast. System evolution, hardware update and many other things about computer are all in high-speed change. CA’s mainframe system is a good example. Although it has some advantages that cloud computing cannot struggle with now like security and liability, it’s an old toy from last century. Abandoning traditional service and offer new and more reliable ones are most important. 4. Merged by a large IT company Cloud computing are becoming more and more important and popular today. As a top 10 leading IT company, CA Technologies must be a target by other companies that want to enter the cloud computing market or expand their market share. However, it’s costly and risky to merge a company like CA Technologies. If CA want to expand its business to other fields, merging can be a good option. Appendix I: SWOT Analysis Strengths: 1. Reliable customer resources CA technologies offer products and services for various industries such as government, banks, retailers, medical companies and technology companies. They have maintained a strong relationship with major companies of these industries since 1990s. For example, they formed partnerships with Microsoft and Netscape in the mid-1990s. At the same time, their business scope extended to other countries including China, South Africa, Japan, etc. 2. Strong Ramp;D capabilities As a technology based company, CA always focuses on the latest technologies. With the strong support of research and development ability, CA technologies are always the first mover in the industry and always launch new products or lead technology revolution in the first place. The first mover advantage ensures that CA maintains its pioneer position in the whole industry. In addition, CA acquires some companies that already license or develop products of new technology. Therefore, CA can supplement its Ramp;D capabilities quickly. Weaknesses: 1. Lack of diversified business Nearly half of the revenue comes from CA’s mainframe solution business, which account for a high proportion of the profits. This situation illustrates that CA is depending too much on its matured markets. If mainframe solution business is affected, CA’s profit will also be negatively affected. . High risk of incompatibility CA Technologies depend on acquisitions to achieve new technologies. However, acquisitions may cost too much time and efforts. On the other hand, there may be inevitable difference and conflict of enterprises culture after merge. Opportunities: 1. New growth opportunities of cloud computing CA decided to turn to go after cloud computing, which is the most popular discussion in IT industry. Cloud computing is disruptive evolution that enables the delivery of virtually limitless IT capacity as a service over the Internet. Therefore the demand for cloud computing services is enormous. This trend can bring CA technologies new profit growth opportunities except mainframe business. 2. New customer market Before CA’s new choice, the customers of its mainframe business are big companies such as Microsoft and Netscape. After turning to cloud computing business, CA has more access to small and medium companies. It may expand the scope of business of CA. Threatens: 1. Doubts of industry insiders Some insiders still have doubts about cloud computing. Many conservatives may prefer mainframe rather than cloud computing. As a completely new approach to IT industry, cloud computing may need more time to be accepted. 2. High competition There exists intense competition in cloud computing business. CA’s competitors, such as IBM and EMC, all have solid financial support, rich technology resources and strong Ramp;D ability. Moreover, increasing number of companies join into the new market. Appendix II: Porter’s Five Forces Level of Competition: High Many IT companies, whether they are big companies or not, are involved in cloud computing business. Suppliers’ Bargaining Power: Low There are a lot of suppliers in the market, and most of them can offer competitive products and services. Customers’ Bargaining Power: Middle There are large amount of customers in the market, while the cloud computing services of IT companies are similar to some degree. Threat of New Entrance: High The entrance level of cloud computing is low. Even with limited resources, small-scale companies can provide such services. Threat of Substitutes: Low It is difficult to substitute all the hardware for cloud computing.

The Big Jump free essay sample

I’ve been trying to do this for six years now. Every time I’ve chickened out, but this year? This is the year that I will finally make that jump and show everyone that when I put my mind to something, I don’t give up will I have accomplished it. â€Å"Ready?† he asks. I look at him, then back to the jump. My heart pounds as adrenaline rushes through my veins. I think just do it Emily. I look back at him and say â€Å"I’m ready.† We put our helmets on and switch the four-wheelers into gear. He takes off first. We head up the hill. The sound of the engines, the smell of gasoline, and the sight of sand are pushed up behind us. I reach the top of the pit and watch my brother head towards the jump. He hits the jump and flies into the air. We will write a custom essay sample on The Big Jump or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His tires land on the ground. â€Å"Perfect,† I whisper. I head towards the jump. I almost hit the brakes, but I talk myself out of it. I hit the jump and go flying, I lift off the seat, I hold on as tightly as possible. Up,up,up. I feel like I am never going to come down but finally I do. Falling out of the sky, with nothing attached to me. I’m floating. BAM. I hit the ground. I slam down on the seat and push on the brakes. The four-wheeler stops. I take my helmet off and stare into the woods. I couldn’t believe what I had just done. I finally did it! My brother runs over to me and says, â€Å"Emily, you did it.†

Explore the opportunities for a company looking into international expansion to grow its foods and confectioneries business overseas The WritePass Journal

Explore the opportunities for a company looking into international expansion to grow its foods and confectioneries business overseas INTRODUCTION Explore the opportunities for a company looking into international expansion to grow its foods and confectioneries business overseas INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND.PUSH AND PULL FACTORSWHY DO LIDL NEED TO ENTER BRAZIL?SWOT ANALYSISENTRY STARTEGYBIBLIOGRAPHYRelated INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to explore the opportunities for a company looking into international expansion to grow its foods and confectioneries business overseas. Some relevant models will be used to assess the industrial analysis, country’s attractiveness, and risks. I will also look into some strategies it can use to survive after it enters into the country. Based on my analysis, I will identify and evaluate opportunities and at the conclusion recommend the necessary entry strategy to be used by the company to enter the new country. BACKGROUND. The sector that will be examined is the food and beverages sector. The sector to be considered is the food and beverages sector that has different industries in its sector and   the value chain of this sector has Farming that deals with raw agricultural commodities, then the processing industry that is into food beverages and confectioneries likewise   distribution which deals with groceries, quick service, and casual restaurant. Based on the value chains, the processing can be classified as food, beverages, and confectioneries. The top key players are Nestle, Kraft foods, Unilever and Cragill. In terms of groceries, top players are Asda, Tesco, Iceland and some other (Food and Beverages Global Report 2010 A-i). Pfitzer, M et al (2007) reckoned that, ‘the food and beverage industry has a distinctive role in escalating economic prospect because it is universal to human life and health.’ In 2008, food and beverages was valued at $5.7T while food processing generated revenue of $3.2t. In 2008, food processing consumption constitutes 58% of the developing countries. It was anticipated that by 2013/2014 food and beverages projected value will be at $7t while estimated revenue will be at   food estimated revenue @$4t (SOURCE: FB GLOBAL REPORT 2010, A-i). Amongst all the firms under the food sector, I will be considering LIDL because it does not yet exist in Brazil. It will be very vital to consider what their culture is like in this country.   LIDL is one of the successful chains of grocery stores expanding strongly throughout Europe and beyond the borders. LIDL takes pride in providing top quality products at the lowest possible prices to all our customers across Europe and the UK. It has its headquarter in Germany. Their products are groceries, drinks, confectioneries and so on and LIDL will continue to play a major role in the exploration of new markets in Europe and beyond. As a multinational company, they are aware of their size and presence of operations. They also respect cultural variety and recognise differences in values and traditions. (LIDL official website). If a company decides to enter another country in the process of raising awareness of the presence of their operations, it is imperative for the company to decide which country it wants to enter. Kedia L.B et al (2002) concluded that, ‘some organizations focus primarily on domestic operations and export products or services, while other firms establish subsidiaries or business units of varying autonomy in host countries that concentrate on the specific needs of those particular markets.’ This is what LIDL needs to consider before entering into Brazil by looking into the market, culture, economy. It should enter to concentrate on the specific needs of those particular markets, which needs to be tapped into. According to Radebaugh et al(2003 p.3), they concluded that, ‘ a company working in the international business field will engage in modes of business such as exporting and importing, that differs from those familiar with a domestic level.’ It is very clear that this company is one of these types of company as it has grown even with the economic recession in the past, it has thrived and succeeded, and it is still growing. Looking into the Brazil, It is South America’s most influential country, one of world’s biggest democracies. Brazil’s culture reflects from Population, cuisine, religion to art. The major religion in Brazil is Christianity with population confirmed by united Nation as 195.4 million. (BBC NEWS) The expectations of consumers cannot be overlooked when considering going abroad. Segal-horn, S. et al (1999 P. 61) claimed that, ‘the necessities and welfares of consumers are becoming progressively consistent all over the world.’ Therefore, customers’ expectations repeatedly changes temporarily . The table below will show customers’ expectations in relation to customers and the overall individuals in the world. TABLE 1: CONSUMERS’ EXPECTATIONS   COMMUNITARIANISM SECURITY TASTE CHOICE FRESHNESS FUNCTIONAL NATURALITY CONVENIENCE HEALTH ARTIFICIAL ENVIRONMENT SOURCE: FOOD INTELLIGENCE REPORT. (2007) Consumers’ expectations are becoming very high, as they want good taste, fresh, and natural foods/groceries to buy. Consumers also wish their environment could be a friendly environment that they will be able to adapt themselves to the environment easily and enjoy convenience and security in the environment. Customers are now very conscious of their health, which create chances available for any company going abroad. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS The factors that influence Multinational companies are the pull factor, push factor and facilitating factors. The Pull factors are the proactive factors that drive people to a new place, Push factors are the reactive factors, which drive people to leave their home country. These factors will help to evaluate Brazil Market attractiveness as these factors have effect on all Multi-national food companies that are under the food sector. Therefore, all these factors are considered in table 2 below. TABLE 2: FACTORS INFLUENCING INTERNATIONALISATION PUSH FACTOR (REACTIVE) PULL FACTOR (PROACTIVE) FACILITATING FACTORS Spreading of risk Unexploited markets Lower Tariffs Increased taxes Thinking ahead of rivals Lower Labour standard. Economic conditions High Profit Margins Removal of barriers to entry Domestic Market   Saturation Reduced Labour and Overhead cost Relaxed regulations Consolidation of Buying Power Population Inducement to enter New markets Public Buying Policy Entrepreneurial Vision SOURCE: ADAPTED FROM WRIGLEY AND LOWE (2002) WHY DO LIDL NEED TO ENTER BRAZIL? There has been increased growth in international business in this century we are now. Companies have moved from competing glocally to global competition. According to Deacon, J. H (2011) Glocally means business carried out among companies at the local level or in their home country.’ The company needs to enter Brazil as they have a different culture compared to other various countries that exist currently. It needs to consider the population of people, their culture, the lifestyle of the people, taste, and their cuisines and so on. However, a large population as mentioned above does not mean LIDL can be successful if it goes to Brazil because even in the international business environment, the market place is complex, interdependent, and dynamic. It needs to make a wise choice of entry strategy that will help them to gain a strong ground in another country. LIDL has subsidiaries in over 22 countries around the world and will even continue to gain more ground due to global comp etition. Based on these, the strategy to be used to enter these countries will be in accordance to their culture and some other factors. LIDL need to go to Brazil to increase its sales, acquire more resources, and diversify their sources of sales. Due to too much competition in the countries where they exist already, they still need to look for other countries to invest and grow in order to spread their risks.   Radebaugh et al (2001 p.7) concluded that , ‘motives for industries pursuing international business then could also have been to increase sales, attain resources, diversify source of sales and supplies and minimise competitive risk.’ Realistically, some things must have happened in the recent decades we are now to have brought about increased growth in international business. Companies do not just go global but some factors motivate them to go. There are some basic drivers and customers’ expectations needs to be well considered as customers are very vital in any organisation. Radebaugh et al concluded that, ’each nation possess certain demographic, human and behavioural characteristics that constitute its identity and that may affect a company’s method of conducting business effectively in that country. With respect to LIDL’s statement that, ‘they respect cultural variety and recognise differences in values and traditions.’ LIDL needs to consider these factors by aligning their mission with what they will be delivering to their customers. This is why it is also important to do a thorough RD about a market before going there. Most people are conscious of their health these days and would want to buy foods that will benefit their health. Considering the EXTERNAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT The environment of this company will be analysed by using PESTLE analysis that means Political, Environmental, Social, and Technological. Political factors Changes in government laws and regulations Changes in government   policies Political instability   in developing countries Economic factors Consumer purchasing power Foreign exchange rates Tax regimes in different locations Social factors Increase in world population – Demographic change Changing in consumer taste Awareness on   consumer health – Obesity, Diabetics Low per capital income – Developing   country Technological factors Dynamic technology – equipment and information system. Considering the external environments, Radebaugh L. H (2001) argued that, ‘these affects how a company operates and the amount of adjustments of adjustments it must take to its operations in a particular country in relation to how it produces and market its products, staff its operations maintain other things. The amount of adjustments is influenced by how much the environments of home and host countries resemble each other.’ SWOT ANALYSIS This will help to know how they position themselves in the market and how they are able to satisfy their customers in a competitive environment. LIDL SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGHT Good   supporting infrastructures Leading Global discounter Environmental friendly operations Leading global discounter Rapid expansion in existing markets Low cost operating model Unique ownership model Varied portfolio Centralised buying operation Discount range adaptation OPPORTUNITIES Increase in   Food demand   and varieties Health-related products e.g. low calories food Increase in low income customers Further domestic discount expansion. Further international expansion Expanding product offering, especially fresh foods WEAKNESSES Weak cultural understanding Norway   Reliance on a discount format   Relations with some branded manufacturers   Sales performance per store   Domestic customer loyalty THREATS Rivalry from competitors Threats of new entrants Sole focus on low price. Retailer consolidation.   Increased complexity of operating model.   Price retaliation from other retailers.   Local opposition to central buying. Competition from discount operators. Managers need to analyse the business environment for the company’s survival and success of business strategy for the coming future. The business is affected by the investors, customers, suppliers, and competitors impacts a company on a daily basis. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS AND CORE COMPETNECIES KEY SUCCESS FACTORS.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quality products   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good   supporting infrastructures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Low price   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understanding of Culture Adaptation CORE COMPETENCIES  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nutritional food production   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cheap products   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Production innovation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Operational excellence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Global supply chain ENTRY STARTEGY Having undertaken the analysis of the country’s attractiveness and decided positively to enter, it is important to work out an entry strategy that covers entry objectives, timing entry, and mode of entry to enter a new country. Mata, J and PORTUGAL, P. (2000) cites the work of Beamish and Makimo (1998) that, ‘One of the crucial decisions when deciding to expand into a new market is the decision on whether to set up a new venture or to acquire an existing ï ¬ rm.’ It is very vital for LIDL to make a wise decision about its entry into Brazil. With reference to Table 1 and 2, they have to continue improving their market and gain entrance to important assets, and possibly continue to gain knowledge. Radebaugh et al (1999 p. 4) argued that four major objectives that influence companies to engage in international business are to expand sales, acquire resources, to diversify sources of sales and minimise competitive risks.’ All these are important but some other thing is missing. Does it mean knowledge and learning is not needed as part of their objectives influencing their entering a country? No. I disagree with this author’s conclusion because for a company to achieve all objectives that influence their entering a country there is need for knowledge and learning. Knowledge of the market they are entering into, knowledge to manage risks. In support of my argument, LASSERRE, PHILIPPE (2007 p.191) concluded that, ‘a company going into another country wants to develop the market, access critical resources, ca pture knowledge available in the country and to finally set up a global centre for coordinating various activities.’ It is very important for a multinational company to manage knowledge even at a global level. SEGAL-HORN,S and FAULKNER,D (1999 p.126) cites the work of NONAKA(1989) where she talks of the need to manage globalization as a self-renewing process in which information is the key to success. She also inferred that, ‘globalisation comes about through the interaction of articulated globalized knowledge and tacit localized knowledge, partly through the hybridization of personnel and consequent internationalization of learning.’   Learning is very essential for the success of a multinational company.   Johnson, G et al (2011 p. 94) agreed that, ‘as organisations become larger and more complex, the need to share what people know becomes more and more important but increasingly challenging. So, organisations that can share knowledge exceptionally may gain competitive advantage over those that do not.’ Lasserree, P(2010 p.193) reasoned that, ‘learning objectives are the basis of investments in countries where the industry is state of the art and in which a foreign investor gains knowledge and competencies by being present, even if the long-term market prospect is not favourable.’   There is a saying that, knowledge rules the world. In my own understanding, knowledge rules the world but what about other things that is needed to compliment these resources, which are the other objectives of a company entering into a country. Lasserre, P (2007) also concluded that, ‘resources access based on the presence of a key resource such as human, agricultural and mineral which contributes to competitive advantage. He also said that a country offering size and growth is an opportunity with good co-ordination of their activities’ Brazil has key resources such as mining, agricultural that could be tapped. Based on the various objectives that influence entry of a company to another country, the timing factor is very important for companies to look into the current economy that might help them decide on which mode of entry to adopt. It cannot take a first mover advantage because competitive companies are there already. Looking into the Brazil economy, some factors influence the entry mode such as country risks (political and operational risks), opportunities, companies’ internal capabilities, time pressure and governments’ requirements and corporate global strategy. Even though, the recession is still battling with all the economy. Jansen Robert(2010) said that, ‘the new economic dynamics will not only help revive investments in infrastructure, but above all it   means that instead of going abroad to obtain cheaper money and longer term loans, now local companies can just go around   in the country corner.’   Creating bigger companies in the information technology sector is considered one of the greatest strategic challenges for the Brazilian IT industry, which is very dynamic, but also very fragmented. Now is the time to take advantage of all the converging positive elements. It is an opportunity that cannot be afforded to lose.’ The government, investment entities, and companies are well aware of the window of opportunity in Brazil and are working towards building the proper framework that will help stimulate the necessary consolidation initiatives. This shows there is an opportunity for them to tap into as they are recovering back from the recession. It will be advisable for LIDL to use Acquisition strategies. I think entering through acquisitions because it will give them access to markets when other opportunities are closed, there is also immediate availability of resources. Lasserre, P (2007) construed that, ‘This will also give them immediate availability of resources, assets and competencies; high control and penetration into the market and low technological leak.’   There is nothing beneficial that does not have a limitation. Using this entry mode, its limitations are that the acquiring company may not possess cross-cultural integration skills. This is why understanding of culture is very important and LIDL needs to find a way to turn it into strength. In considering the push and pull factors, the market is saturated with competitors in the country which means the company needs to use this factors to tap into their culture. Ferraro, G.P (p.134) concluded that, ‘when negotiating within our own culture, there is every possibility of operating effectively at the intuitive level or unconscious level but when we leave our known cultural context to enter into international business, the scene changes dramatically. Different cultures have different values, attitudes, morals, behaviours and linguistic styles.’ It is very vital for them to negotiate across Brazil’s culture by communicating and interacting with people who have been there or are still living there. The aspect of culture should not be overlooked because Brazil is different from Germany, UK and other countries and this will enhance the result of their proposed entry. It is also important they have a clue about the culture and after succeeding in entering, they should ensure they build a long-term relationship with their customers and all other stakeholders. Ferraro, G.P (2010) also consented that, ‘companies should avoid cultural cluelessness and concentrate on long term relationships because when negotiating with people from very different cultural backgrounds, the chances of misunderstanding increase enormously. For example, LIDL failed in Norway and people interview there think they did not understand their culture very well and their values. According to a research carried out by a student, who looked into LIDL by taking a stakeholder approach. He said, some Norwegians believed that they ignored Labour unions.   Some will tell you that they never shopped there, because they didn’t want to support a foreign company that ignored the labour unions, build large and unattractive buildings in their towns, only had unfamiliar food in the shelves and who sent the profit out of the country.’ LIDL needs to be careful when they enter into Brazil and ensure they put goods consumed by Brazilians on the shelf.   Ferrarro, G.P (2010) concluded that, ‘successful international business negotiating is conducted in a cooperative climate in which the needs of both sides are met and in which both sides can emerge as winners. He said it is only under this circumstance that a business relationship will have a chance of lasting well into the future.’ Considering the Hofstede’s framework, Power distance, and uncertainty avoidance is very high and it is much of Masculine is very high. The only limitation of hofstede’s framework is that it was done through survey in different countries. Power distance affects culture and the way we communicate, so in Brazil, Power distance is very high which reflects that there is distance between the rich and the poor. This is why Attitude really matters when considering the culture of an organisation. It reflects underlying values.   WILD, J.J et al (2010) concluded that, ‘just like values, attitudes are learned from role models and differs from one country to another because they are formed within a cultural context. He also said that people in the Latin America and Mediterranean cultures are casual about their use of time, they maintain flexible schedules and would rather enjoy their time than sacrificing it to unbending efficiency.’ Organisations should be able to bring in place things that will reflect values and customs of people.   Laura Luo (2011) concluded in his lecture that, ‘Major   problems of cultural collision are likely to occur if a firm implements practices that do not reflect local customs and values and/or employees are unable to accept or adjust to foreign customs and that religion can be a powerful cultural force in societies of all levels of economic development.’   It is vital for organisations to consider the main religion in a country. Brazil’s main religion is Christianity.’ According to Pew Global Attitudes projects in 2002 researched that Number of respondents saying religion is very important in their lives are 80%. This shows there is opportunity for LIDL here unlike Malaysia that is constituted mostly with Muslims and they mostly rely on Halal products. Some other limitation is that nationalities may view acquisition by foreigners unfavourably and costly which often associated with high acquisition premiums and high political risks. Food production will be there always because people eat and it will not die but innovation of new ideas is needed. If an organisation cannot lead change, then they should be managing to catch up. Is it risky? No, it is not risky since it can continue, just that it can change. There is existence of political risks and economic risks are very high. If risk is high, we need to avoid risk and risk avoidance is the key factor. Low risk means more attractiveness. Brazil market is a growing market, and then it is attractive Despite all the attractiveness, there is tendency of some risks either economic/operational risk or political risks. This is why it is important for multi-national companies to look into the timing factor and see what is currently happening in the country they intend going. It is important for LIDL to consider their capabilities, scan the external environment to compliment whether they should go or not. It is important for companies to take risk because it means they are so confident that even though the future is uncertain. This is why the proactive issues were explained above.   Looking into Brazil, Lasserre, P (2007) concluded that, ‘operational risks directly affect some countries because government regulations and bureaucracies add costly taxation or constraints to foreign investors or because the infrastructure is not reliable.’ Considering the Brazil, John Paul Rathbone(2011) said in the report that, ‘Cheaper imports have made Brazilians feel richer, feeding a consumer boom but domestic manufacturers have appealed for help and the same kind of tariff protections that characterised the doomed economic model of bygone years. Finally, to deal with the global financial crisis, the government opened up the taps and has only just started to withdraw the stimulus. Ultra-low interest rate in the United States, Europe, and Japan has flooded the country with capital, pumping up the economy further. Bank credit is now growing at a 20 per cent annual clip.’ This implies some of the economic factors In BBC news, the political factors determine the risks of doing business in a country. In January, there was a change in government on Brazil where Ms Rousseff Dilma was sworn in as the first woman president of Brazil.   Rousseff singled out his work over the last eight years to reduce poverty and promote economic prosperity. The most determined struggle will be to eradicate extreme poverty.’ We can be a more developed and fairer country.   Hill, C. W (2011) argued that, political forces cause a drastic change in a country’s business environment that adversely affect profit and other goals of a company. He later said political risk tends to be greater in countries experiencing social unrest and disorder. A change in political regime can result in the enactment of laws that are less favourable to international business. Since LIDL has strengths in providing low cost products and the newly elected president believes there is still poverty and some people are suffering , it is an opportunity for this company. Considering the core competences of LIDL, which are Nutritional food productions, cheap products Production innovation, Corporate Social Responsibility, Operational excellence, Global supply chain. Paula A. I (2011) reported that Jacques Sarfatti, from recruiter Russell Reynolds said that, ‘Europeans have been coming to Brazil, but not Americans and are seeing opportunities there and that one of the key sectors for foreigners is energy, mostly because of the countrys expanding oil and gas exploration industries. There are also opportunities in infrastructure, mining, retail, and finance. Interest in Brazil is increasing as the country gears up to host the World Cup in 2014 and the Olympic Games two years later.’ This shows that there are opportunities for this company entering into the country as it is now recovering well. Considering the above discussion, it is important for this company to use a model that will fit into the culture of Brazil. Then, how about marketing internationally? If LIDL is entering through acquisition into Brazil, it should consider how to market its product internationally. This will depend on the segments they are targeting in the country because marketing strategies depends upon a firm’s marketing orientation and targets markets because what sells in one company does not mean it will be bought in another company. The best ways to identify consumer market segments within and across countries include demographics (Gender, Religion, Income and age) and Psychographics (lifestyles, values, and attitude). However, there might be some challenges to global brands such as language factors, brand acquisitions, country of origin images, internet, and electronic commerce. In conclusion, sometimes when a company is just entering into another country, products needs to be changed to suit the culture. There might be some alterations in the product policy due to some legal reasons, cultural reasons, and economic reasons. In addition, when using an entry strategy, they should choose a price strategy that will suit them and considering brands, currency value and inflation rates. I belief with the discussion made, going through an acquisition of a company already in existence in Brazil will give them the chance to understand the culture better and produce products that will meet the needs of the society rather than putting things they would not buy on shelf. This gives an opportunity to acquire an existing company there that will give them a grounded understanding of how things work in their company. BIBLIOGRAPHY Marc pfitzer and Ramya Krishnaswamy. 2010.   fao.org/fileadmin/ user_ upload/ivc /docs/ UnileverandProjectNovella.pdf LIDL official Website. lidl.co.uk/cps/rde/xchg/lidl_uk/hs.xsl/4035.htm  Ã‚   (05 May 2011) KEDIA, L.B et al. Ben L. Kedia, Richard Nordtvedt and Lillian M. Pà ©rez,(2002) Competitiveness Review An International Business Journal. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGIES, DECISION-MAKING THEORIES, AND LEADERSHIP STYLES: AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK. Vol 12(1). Pp: 38-52 BBC NEWS. Brazil Country Profile.   http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/ country_ profiles/1227110.stm  Ã‚   (05 May 2011) FERRARO, G.P. 2010. The Cultural Dimension of International Business. 6th edn. Pearson International Edition. P. 134 Conference. bordbia.ie/eventsnews/ConferencePresentations/FoodDrinksIndustry DayCountryOverviews/Germany%20Market%20Overview.pdf JOHNSON, G et al. 2011.Exploring Strategy: Text and Cases. Pp 94. 9th edn. HARLOW: Pearson Education Limited. SEGAL-HORN, S and FAULKNER, D. 1999. The Dynamics of International Strategy. LONDON: Business Press. DANIELS, J.D and RADEBAUGH, L.H. 2001.INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS: Environments and Operations. 9th edn. London: Prentice hall. LASSERRE, P. 2007. Global Strategic Management. 2nd edn. Hampshire:Palgrave Macmillan. PORTUGAL, Pedro and MATA, Jose. 2000. Strategic Management Journal. Closure and divestiture by foreign entrants: the impact of entry and post-entry strategies.p.3. Vol21(5) hakonswenson.se/publikationer/NRWC%202008/Entry%20strategy%20and%20international%20retail.pdf JASEEN, Robert (2010)globaltrade.net/international-trade-import-exports/f/business/text/Brazil/Business-Environment-Brazil-s-Year.html     (09 May 2011) WILD, J. J et al (Kenneth L Wild and HAN, J.C) 2010. International Business: The challenges of globalization.5th edn. Pearson. Laura Luo. 2011. International Business context: The cultural environment. (07 April 2011) Paula Adamo Idoeta. 2011. Americans eye opportunities in Brazils booming economy. bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12745667. (11 May 2011) HILL, C.W. 2011. International Business: Competing in the global marketplace. 8th edn. NEW YORK: McGraw hill ROUSSEFF, D. 2011.BBC NEWS. Dilma Rousseff sworn in as Brazils new president. bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12103312   (11 May 2011) Bennett Roger.1996. Corporate Strategy and Business Planning. GREAT BRITAIN:ME PITMAN

When Is the April ACT Should You Take It

When Is the April ACT Should You Take It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're planning to take the ACT in the spring, you might be wondering: should you take the April ACT? Or will you be better off taking the ACT on a different test date? In this article, we cover everything you need to know about the April ACT, including when the exam is, whether your scores will get to your schools in time, and the pros and cons of taking the ACT in April. When Is the April ACT? The April ACT generally takes place on the second Saturday of the month. Below are the April ACT dates and deadlines for 2020, 2021, and 2022. The 2020 dates have all been confirmed by ACT, Inc., whereas the others are projections based on historical data: Test Date Registration Deadline Late Registration Deadline / Deadline for Changes Standby Request Deadline April 4, 2020 February 28, 2020 March 13, 2020 March 27, 2020 April 3, 2021 February 26, 2021 March 12, 2021 April 2, 2021 April 2, 2022 February 25, 2022 March 11, 2022 April 1, 2022 Source: ACT.org The ACT registration fees are $67 with the Writing section and $50.50 without the Writing section. The April ACT is offered in the US, US territories, and Canada, as well as internationally. Most students register for the April ACT by the normal registration deadline. If you register during the late registration period, you must pay an additional late registration fee of $30. If you miss both registration deadlines, you might still be able to take the ACT in April- as long as you sign up for standby testing by the standby deadline (which is normally eight days before the test date). Students on standby are admitted on a first-come, first-served basis. To request standby, you must pay both the regular registration fee and a $53 standby fee. (However, both of these fees will be refunded to you if you are denied admission on test day.) Once the standby deadline has passed, there is no way to take the April ACT, and you will have to select a different ACT test date. When Will April ACT Scores Be Released? Each year, April ACT scores are released to test takers online starting 10 days after test day and may continue to be released until as late as June. These dates are only for the multiple-choice scores and do not include your Writing score (which is separate from your composite score out of 36 points). If you opt for the essay, expect to receive your essay score approximately two weeks after your multiple-choice and composite ACT scores. Most test takers will receive their April ACT scores within two weeks after the test date. If your scores take longer to process, the delay might be due to potential problems such as testing irregularities, incorrect identification information, or outstanding registration fees. As for your colleges, when schools receive April ACT scores can vary significantly. ACT, Inc. will send your ACT scores to the colleges you chose during registration as soon as your official scores are released online, which usually happens in late April. However, some colleges don't process scores right away or as often as other schools do, so be sure to give your schools ample time to process your scores long before any of your college applications are due. For those who are taking the April ACT with Writing, your ACT scores will not be reported or sent to colleges until the essay has been graded as well. This means that most test takers will have to wait around a minimum of four weeks (two weeks for the multiple-choice scores and two extra weeks for the Writing score) until their official ACT scores are reported online and sent to their designated schools. Will Your April ACT Scores Get to Your Schools in Time? In a word, yes! Official ACT scores are reported online (and sent to your schools) usually by mid- to late April. Assuming you are taking the ACT your junior year of high school and have not yet finished your college applications, these scores should have ample time to get to your schools before any deadlines. The bulk of college application deadlines in the US are anywhere from mid-autumn to early winter, and this applies to early action/early decision deadlines, too. Worst case scenario, even if your April ACT scores aren't released until June and your colleges take one month to process your scores, you should still have more than enough time before any of your applications are due! Pros and Cons of Taking the April ACT Struggling to decide whether to take the April ACT? No matter what year you're thinking of taking it, here are some of the pros and cons to consider before you make your decision. Pros of Taking the April ACT Your scores are guaranteed to arrive to your schools in time- even for early action or early decision plans. As I mentioned above, the vast majority of April ACT scores should be reported within two weeks after the test date and by June at the latest. Luckily, all these time frames leave you with plenty of time to get your ACT scores to your colleges well before even the earliest of autumn deadlines. You can get the ACT out of the way before starting your college applications. If you take the April ACT as a junior (or even as a sophomore) and do well on it- meaning you don't need to retake it as a 12th grader- you'll have the entire summer and first semester of your senior year to focus entirely on college applications. You'll have at least one final shot to get the scores you want in the fall of your senior year. We normally recommend that students take the ACT two to three times in total: first in the fall of your junior year, second in the spring of your junior year, and third (if necessary) in the fall of your senior year. By taking the April ACT, even if your scores aren't where you want them to be, you'll have the entire summer and first semester of your senior year to study and prep for the September or October ACT. Cons of Taking the April ACT You'll have to study primarily during the school year. In order to do well on the April ACT, you'll have to study for the exam in the months leading up to it- that is, for most of your spring semester your junior (or sophomore) year. But this can be difficult to do, especially if you're also trying to study for AP exams (which are in May) and finals. If you think you'll get easily overwhelmed, or you're expecting to have tons of activities going on spring semester, consider taking the ACT on a different date. You might need to study during your spring break. Those planning to take the April ACT will likely have to spend the bulk of their spring breaks preparing for the exam (unless your spring break is after the test- if so, lucky you!). Although you don't need to dedicate your entire spring break to ACT prep, it's advisable that you spend as much time as you can studying, particularly if your break is right around test day. Sadly, this means you might not be able to enjoy your "time off" as much as you'd like to! Key Takeaways: Taking the ACT in April The next April ACT date will be on Saturday, April 4, 2020. Regardless of whether you're reading this guide before the April test date or way after it, you can still use this information to plan ahead and prepare for the next April ACT. April ACT scores are typically released starting 10 days after the test date. (If you registered for the Writing section, you'll get your essay score about two weeks after you get your multiple-choice and composite ACT scores.) Assuming you take the April ACT in your junior or sophomore year, your scores should have plenty of time to get to colleges prior to application deadlines. Before registering for the ACT in April, take time to consider whether you're OK with spending most of your spring semester and spring break preparing for the exam. If not, a different date might be a better option for you! What's Next? Need help deciding when to take the ACT? Learn when you should take the ACT for the first time, and get expert tips on how to find the best test date for you. For more information on when you can take the ACT, check out our detailed guide to this year's and future ACT test dates. Ready to ace the ACT? Then you'll love our 15 ACT tips and tricks guaranteed to improve your score. And don't forget about our comprehensive guide to getting a perfect ACT score- written by a 36 full scorer! Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Jean Watson's theory on caring is adopted in many aspects of nursing Essay

Jean Watson's theory on caring is adopted in many aspects of nursing. Listen to the monologue by Dr Watson. What does this mean - Essay Example 98). This emphasizes transcendence of nursing practice from mere physical healing to spiritual one. Historically, transition of nursing practice and healing in past decades evolved within margins of caring value and away from it (Daniels, 2003). The act of caring, then, is no longer central in nursing dynamics, as evident in current times. At this point, the monologue gives clear perspectives on what had been missing in the delivery of nursing service. Caring serves as essential tool that makes nursing unique from other medical professions. As direct providers of medical attention, students and registered nurses alike need to project empathetic attitudes, tempered by caring behaviors--as primary strengths in nursing service. Indeed, the monologue sheds light to the weakened area in nursing--lack of healing in the soul by way of caring. In account, nurses have to integrate elements of holistic care in their practice, in order to be both efficient and effective in their field of expert ise--constantly considering the status of clients in the midst of professional practice. Therefore, the monologue seeks to exhibit that nursing is not only the embodiment of a profession that heals the physical body; more importantly, it seeks to tap the spiritual being of every client. Enhancements in care, thereby, need to be reapplied in nursing practice, as had been originally intended from the beginning of the profession. References Basavanthappa, B. T.

Administrative office management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Administrative office management - Essay Example Advances in telecommunication have changed managerial and administrative duties in the office environment.Leadership styles adopted are largely due to these pressures. Administrators no longer handle conflict management and group dynamics the way thy used to Career development, legal issues and ethics have also taken a shift from the conventional approaches. These changes will be examined in detail below. (Scholtes, 1988)There are three main schools of thought that determine leadership styles adopted. Some researchers claim that certain people are simply born with it. They have the ability to influence other people naturally. On the other hand, other experts suggest that leadership styles are dictated by the given situation facing a group. Groups will change their leadership styles to fit into these ideals. Lastly some people believe that strategies will define the leadership path taken in relation to the leadership traits present within the group.Depending on the three factors discu ssed, supervisors have the option of choosing one of four leadership styles. An autocratic leadership style is one characterized by leaders who utilize their positions to affect decision making processes. On the other hand, there are also Democratic leadership styles where members of a group or those being led have a say in leadership decisions; authority is not exclusive to one individual but is shared equally among all other stakeholders in the group. In 'Laissez faire' type of leadership, the group largely determines decisions made. Specific leaders play little or no role in the decision making process; tasks and objectives lay in the hands of the people. Lastly, there is the abdacratic leadership style. Here, no single individual takes up the role of a leadership and the group does not also bother with authority. Consequently, such a leadership style has been deemed as the most ineffective because it eventually leads to the breakdown of the group. However, because of the pressures exerted by the up rise in telecommunication and the effect that this has on office work, there is a need to adopt a more proactive approach to leadership. This was brought forward by MacGregor (1978). He asserts that true leadership is achieved through transformational leadership. The latter term means uniting members of an organization through a common vision. It also means applying the following processes; Value Integrity Trust The concept of transformational leadership became very relevant to the office environment due to advances in telecommunications. The latter changed people's role in the office from being mere tools to becoming part of the organizational strategy. Changes in telecommunications brought about shift from the conventional transactional leaders. These are leaders who focus only on making other people follow their strategic will. Such leaders are bale to make large numbers of employees follow them but lack the ability to yield quality results. Transformational leaders are those ones who focus on quality of work even when they do not have many numbers rallying behind them. Bass (1990) and Avolio (1995) developed a method of quantifying the extent of transformational leadership within nay one organization. It was achieved through five dimensions: intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation, idealized influence in both the behavioral and attributes realms. Telecommunications have also created more emphasis on the issue of employee satisfaction. This is because many workers now have access to vast amounts of resources about their rights through the internet. Consequently, employers have to ensure that they satisfy those needs. On the other hand advanced telecommunications have assisted leaders in the process of satisfying their staff. They now place a lot of emphasis on the path-goal model of leadership. In this approach, leaders aim at achieving organizational goals by eliminating all the

Essays for Social Networks Essay Example for Free

Essays for Social Networks Essay Through her Amigas: Fifteen Candles novel, author Veronica Chambers demonstrates a picture of perfect unity that enables a group of friends to achieve otherwise insurmountable feats. Such exhilarating togetherness urges the involved parties Gaz, Alicia Cruz, Jamie, and Carmen to selflessly work towards ensuring that their colleague Sarita succeeds in her endeavors. It happens that Cruz encounters Sarita while the former is undergoing her internship. On learning that Sarita is about to celebrate her quincenera the customary fifteenth-birthday coming-of-age party, Cruz willingly offers to help her newfound friend. Consequently, Cruz mobilizes her three friends to assist in organizing Sarita’s party. Through the novel, Chambers explores Cruz impeccable networking skills coupled with her , as well as her three friends’ – utter unselfishness as the four work to make Sarita’s quincenera a vibrant success. For instance, Cruz is depicted to be a very experienced networking agent owing to the speed and precision with which she mobilizes her 3 friends to assist in executing Sarita’s party. To illustrate, after learning of Sarita’s upcoming quincenera, Cruz sets out to inform and persuade her friends to join in this cause. Soon, three friends are working hand-in-hand with both Cruz and Sarita to make the party a resounding success. Through this acts, the four friends demonstrate commendable unselfishness. This is because, although Sarita is relatively new to them, the 4 individuals wholeheartedly dedicate themselves to her cause. Cruz is the most notable unselfish individual because she momentarily sets aside her preoccupation with a just-begun prestigious internship program to give her undivided attention to Sarita’s party. In conclusion, from Chamber’s novel, the selfless nature and commendable unity that Cruz and her 3 friends demonstrate is evident. Thanks to Cruz’s excellent networking skills, the quartet quickly gangs up to aid Sarita in her party preparations. The Secret River by Kate Grenville A man’s undying determination for independence Through her The Secret River novel, author Kate Grenville describes the character called William Thornhill as depicting an endless quest to achieve autonomy. This autonomy is best explained by Thornhill’s desire to be free from poverty that has haunted him all his entire life. For example, a close examination of this character’s troubled life shows that he has endured extreme hardships. To illustrate, Thornhill has been rendered a petty thief due to the poverty that surrounds him. The man has to provide for himself as well as his family despite the shockingly little income that he manages to salvage. He thus engages in acts of petty theft so as to make ends meet. For this socially unacceptable behavior, Thornhill is apprehended, tried, and handed a life sentence that is soon reduced to the requirement that the convict spends his remaining days in Australia’s New South Wales region. Once in Australia, Thornhill demonstrates his true and noble intentions away from the troubles back in London. For example, the convict tries as much as possible to avoid engaging in any type of confrontations with the native Black residents in his new home. In addition, Thornhill strives to acquire and own land that would enable him exercises self-determination besides acquiring other possessions. Through such actions, Thornhill demonstrates that he desires to lead a quiet and peaceful life free from unnecessary troubles. Further, the character has a keen desire to be free from the yoke of poverty that formerly detained him. Grenville thus explores the character’s true identity and inherent peaceful nature. In conclusion, through The Secret River novel, Grenville traces Thornhill’s life history, showing that the character is intrinsically a peaceful and honest individual. For instance, the author shows that extreme circumstances have made Thornhill a dishonest person. Consequently, after being brought to Australia free from London’s hardships, Thornhill demonstrates love for peace and a desire to exercise self-determination. Argumentative essay: Money can break people According to an age-old saying ‘money makes humans mad’. This is especially true if persons allow their insatiable desire for money and associated riches to cloud their reasoning capacities. Consequently, such persons become captive to the allure of money and the associated perils. To name just one negative consequence of this habit, an uncontrolled desire to have more money can make one lose sight of more important things in life such as one’s family. The consequences that result from an inhibited pursuit of money and wealth are usually very disastrous. For example, one may have their marriage or even an entire family disintegrating beyond repair in case the central figure takes to a ridiculous search for money. Examining the very rationale behind one’s pursuit of money shows that an unbridled search for wealth can have consequences that amount to the metaphorical breaking of the person who depicts such a habit. To illustrate, it is obvious that one looks for money so as to acquire life’s necessities, thus making life enjoyable. Further, since no man is an island, every person desires to have pleasant company. Such wholesome companionship is mostly attained in a family setup. The concept of someone losing the very family which, coupled with wealth, would make their lives complete as they search for money thus constitutes a metaphorical breaking of someone. It is thus accurate to say that money breaks people. In conclusion, the ‘money breaks people’ statement takes shape when someone loses their family due to their insatiable greed fore more riches. This is because, the persons have lost one of the most important entities that can help actualize their enjoyment in the so-acquired riches.

Postman: Rant or Reason? Essay -- Essays Papers

Postman: Rant or Reason? In his novel, "Amusing Ourselves to Death", author Neil Postman describes to the reader, in detail, the immediate and future dangers of television. The arguement starts out in a logical manner, explaining first the differences between today's media-driven society, and yesterday's "typographic America". Postman goes on to discuss in the second half of his book the effects of today's media, politics on television, religion on television, and finally televised educational programs. All, he says, are making a detrimental imprint on our society, its values, and its standards. Postman explains that the media consists of "fragment[s] of news" (100), and politics are merely a fashion show. Although Postman's arguments regarding the brevity of the American attention span and the impotence of today's mass media are logical, his opinion of television's inability to educate is severely overstated. Neil Postman is right on the mark when he states that television is having an overall negative effect on our society: It promotes short attention spans. Postman takes as example for this argument the seven famous debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas. In that time, Postman explains, audiences would "cheerfully accomodate themselves to seven hours of oratory" (44). This is a concept entirely unknown to today's society. In no stretch of the imagination would a sizeable crowd possibly willingly "subject" themselves to such a lengthy activity. The reason for this anomaly is television. A brief peek at any private television broadcasting station will show the reason: We're having entertainment fed to us in tiny portions. During each thirty or sixty minutes, our favorite sit-com family winds its way throug... ...not one posed by television, but by the potential for the public to overlook the positive qualities of television. Televised education has, despite its need for a short leash, a fair amount of useful applications. Postman must look past the negative image of television-zombie children in order to see the true potential beneath. That said, it is safe to add that network television would still benefit greatly from large handful of additional Postman-influence. Works Cited Fowles, Jib. "Advertising's Fifteen Basic Appeals." Common Culture, 3rd Edition. Ed. Petracca, Michael, and Sorapure, Madeleine. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. 60-77. Lasn, Kalle. Culture Jam. New York: William Morrow and Company Inc, 1999. Postman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death. New York: Penguin Books, 1985. Schwartz, Tony. Media: The Second God. New York: Random House, 1981.

Case Study – Inner City Paint

University of the District of columbia| Strategic Audit Plan/ Case Analysis| Case 28 – Inner-City Paint Corporation| | [Type the author name]| 3/21/2013| Business Policy TR 5:30pm – 6:50pm Spring 2013 | I. Current Situation A. Current Performance 1. Poor financials 2. High account receivables 3. Very disorganized system of business 4. Lack of Customer Confidence B. Strategic Posture 1. Mission: To produce a paint that was less expensive and of higher quality than what has been used commercial buildings, etc. 2.Reputation: Built on fast service; frequently supplies paint to contractors within 24 hours. 3. Primary Market: small to medium sized decorating companies 4. Policies: Walsh handles all mail, payments, and billings II. Strategic Managers A. Top Management * Consists of Stanley Walsh who handles all mailing/billing, payments, etc. * Office is managed by Mary Walsh (Walsh’s mother) with help of two part –time clerks * Plant Manager is an acquaintance o f Walsh’s who only has experience as a painter III. External Environment (EFAS) A.Societal Environment 1. Economic a. The slowdown in the housing market combined with a slowdown in the overall economy caused financial difficulty for Inner-City Paint Corporation (T) b. Now required to pay cash on delivery (C. O. D. ) for its raw materials (T) 2. Technological: Computers and Information Technology offers opportunity to better organize the business (O) B. Task Environment 1. Rivalry High: Larger orders usually go to larger companies due to lack of customer trust. (T) 2. Competitive Prices (O) 3. Threats of Substitutes High (T) IV.Internal Environment (IFRAS) A. Corporate Structure 1. Thirty-five employees (20 part-time); most unskilled workers who lack training (W) 2. Lack of Delegation: lacks employee empowerment and too much of workload is carried by the business CEO/President, Mr. Walsh (W) B. Corporate Culture 1. Rumors abound that the company is in difficult financial strai ts, that it is unable to pay suppliers, and it owes a considerable sum for payment on back taxes (W) C. Corporate Resources 1. Marketing: Lacks a professional salesman other than the owner (W) 2. Finance . Current Ratio of . 92 indicates that the company has an issue paying its short-term liabilities b. Return on Assets of 5. 98% indicates that the company is asset-heavy 3. Facilities: Cheap Rent (S) 4. Inventory: Lack of a Consistent and Reliable Inventory System; owner mental keeps track of inventory (W) 5. Human Resources: The Plant Manager lacks experience or training as a manager. (W) 6. Information Systems: No computer system used for business, very disorganized as a result (W) V. Analysis of Strategic Factors (SWOT Analysis) A. Strengths . Competitive Prices b. Family Business with origin in community c. Fast Delivery for Small Orders B. Weaknesses a. No Financial and Inventory Controls b. Lack of Business Network/Computer c. No Inventory System C. Opportunities a. Hiring pro fessional salesmen to ensure consistent growth and consultants to identify problems and provide solutions b. Attract more market share by raising customer perception of reliability D. Threats a. No Audit of Corporation b. Large Orders usually go to larger companies VI. Strategic Alternatives and Recommended StrategyA. Strategic Alternatives 1. Management Improvement a. Mr. Walsh needs to learn employee empowerment and delegation. He lacks trust in his employees and therefore takes on too much of the business’ customer affairs. b. The plant manager needs to be trained in management due to his lack of experience. c. Public Relations specialist and marketing specialist needed to better handle business and consultations. 2. Facility Improvement: More equipment may be needed to ensure consumers that they won’t have to worry about orders not being ready or too large to handle.B. Recommended Strategy 1. Salary Cuts for All or Cutback of Employees: The President’s six f igure salary is too much for such a small business. 2. Find and Research new suppliers: The high Cost of Goods Sold is greatly reducing profits. 3. Greatly Improve management skills and create policies 4. Hire Salesmen to increase business market share 5. Collect Bad Debt from Clients; Take less credit accounts and more cash accounts because Account Receivables is too high. 6. Create an effective Inventory System that better tracks Inventory on hand.

Ancient Greek and Ancient Egyptian Art Compared Essay

Egyptian art comes from the paintings the Egyptians created in the tombs of rich people when they died. These pictures were supposed to help the dead person out when he or she reached the next world, where the Egyptians thought you lived after you died in this world. At first, carvers had a hard time painting the pictures but in about 2160 B.C. they started taking short cuts and made their work sloppier. Greek art was much different from the Egyptians art. One of their styles of art was sculpting. In Crete, between about 1700 and 1450 BC, the Minoans produced a lot of medium-sized figurines, mainly made of metal and ivory. The Greeks learned how to make big stone statues from the Egyptians. At this time many Greek men were working in Egypt as soldiers, and so they had a chance to see Egyptian statues and learn how they were made. One Egyptian technique is to have a triangle for the face and two upside-down triangles for the hair. This makes the hair help support the neck, which otherwise might be too thin to hold up the head. Another Egyptian idea is to have one foot a little in front of the other, which also helps the statue to stand up and not fall over. One difference is that the Greeks always made their statues nude (without clothes), while the Egyptian statues always wore clothes. This is because the Greeks thought that men’s bodies were sacred and that the gods liked to see them. In the Severe style, sculptors began to make statues more true to life, and with more feeling in their faces and their movements. Instead of all being standing straight up and looking sacred and peaceful, now statues began to do things: drive a chariot, carry something, throw a spear, or ride a horse. And sometimes they looked sad, or frightened, or nasty, depending on who they were supposed to be. At the same time, sculptors took more interest in making the muscles and bones look true to life too. The Severe style didn’t last very long, and after about thirty years it was replaced by the Classical style. Greek sculptors began to experiment with honoring the gods by showing the beauty and grace of the human body, especially the bodies of young, athletic men (women’s bodies were still not shown without their clothes). The sculptors also became more interested in the three-dimensionality of sculpture: people being able to  see it from all different sides, and not just from the front. At the end of the 400’s BC, Greece, and especially Athens, was devastated by a terrible war which involved nearly all the Greek city-states, the Peloponnesian War. The end of the war left Greeks too poor for much sculpture, but when people did begin creating new sculpture again it was in a new style. There is more emotion, especially sad feelings like grief. There is more interest in women, who are sometimes shown without clothes now. Portraits of individuals also became more popular. As you can see, Greek art was different from Egyptian art in many ways and Greeks had many forms of art work unlike the Egyptians.

Aurelia Cotta, Mother of Julius Caesar

Aurelia Cotta, Mother of Julius Caesar Behind every kick-ass man is an extraordinary mother or maternal figure who, let’s be honest, is pretty awesome. Even the one and only Julius Caesar, the statesman, dictator, lover, fighter, and conqueror, had an important woman to instill lovely Roman values into him from a young age. That was his mama, Aurelia Cotta. Bred to Breed A Roman matriarch from her perfectly coiffed hair  down to her sandals,  Aurelia raised her son with pride in his ancestry. After all, for a patrician clan, family was everything! Caesar’s paternal family, the Julii or Iulii, famously claimed descent from Iulus, a.k.a. Ascanius, son of the Italian hero Aeneas of Troy, and thus from Aeneas’s mother, the goddess Aphrodite/Venus.  It was on this basis that Caesar later founded the Temple of Venus Genetrix (Venus the Mother) in the forum that bore his name.   Although the Julii claimed illustrious ancestry, they had lost much of their political clout in the years since Rome was founded.  Members of the Caesar’s  branch  of the Julii, the  Caesares,  had held important, but not outstanding, political posts for the century or two preceding our Julius’s birth. They made important alliances, however, including marrying Caesar’s paternal aunt to the dictator  Gaius Marius.  Julius Caesar the Elder might have achieved some note as a politician, but his ending  wash  ignominious. Suetonius says that Julius the Elder died when his son was fifteen, while  Pliny the Elder adds  that Caesar’s dad, an ex-praetor, died in Rome â€Å"without any apparent cause, in the morning, while putting on [his] shoes.†Ã‚   Aurelia’s own family had achieved more recently than her in-laws’. Although the exact identity of her mom and dad aren’t known, it seems likely that they were an Aurelius Cotta and one Rutilia. Three of her brothers were consuls,  and her own mother, Rutilia, was a devoted mother bear. The Aurelii were another distinguished family; the first member of this to become consul was another Gaius Aurelius Cotta in 252 B.C., and they’d kept up their hard work ever since. Married to Money? With such a distinguished lineage for her kids, Aurelia would have been understandably eager to ensure great destinies for them. Admittedly, like most other Roman mothers, she wasn’t too creative in naming them: both her daughters were called Julia Caesaris. But she took great pride in nurturing her son and turning him towards a promising future. Presumably, Caesar Sr. felt the same way, though he was probably away on government business during most of his son’s childhood. The older of the two girls probably married one Pinarius, then a Pedius, by whom she had issue, producing two grandsons. Those boys, Lucius Pinarius and Quintus Pedius, were named in Julius’s will to inherit one-quarter of their uncle’s estate, according to Suetonius in his  Life of Julius Caesar. Their cousin, Octavius or Octavian (later to be known as Augustus), got the other three-fourths ... and was adopted by Caesar in his will! Octavius was the son of the granddaughter of Caesar’s younger sister Julia, who had married a man named Marcus Atius Balbus, whom Suetonius, in his  Life of Augustus, describes as â€Å"of a family displaying many senatorial portraits [and]†¦ closely connected on his mothers side with Pompey the Great.† Not bad! Their daughter, Atia (Caesar’s niece), wed Gaius Octavius, a member of a clan that, according to the  Life of Augustus, â€Å"was in days of old a distinguished one.† Propaganda much?  Ã‚  Their kid was the one and only Octavian. Aurelia: Model Mom According to Tacitus, the art childrearing had declined by his time (the late first century A.D.). In his Dialogue on Oratory, he claims that, once upon a time, a kid â€Å"was from the beginning reared, not in the chamber of a purchased nurse, but in that mother’s bosom and embrace,† and she took pride in her family. Her goal was to raise a son who would make the Republic proud. â€Å"With scrupulous piety and modesty, she regulated not only the boy’s studies and occupations, but even his recreations and games,† Tacitus writes. And whom does he cite as one of the best examples of such prime parenthood? â€Å"Thus it was, as tradition says, that the mothers of the Gracchi, of Caesar, of Augustus, Cornelia, Aurelia, Atia, directed their children’s education and reared the greatest of sons. He includes Aurelia and her granddaughter, Atia, as great moms whose rearing of their sons led those boys to contribute much to the Roman state, individuals with â€Å"a pure and virtuous nature which no vices could warp.† To educate her son, Aurelia brought in only the best. In his On Grammarians,  Suetonius names the freedman Marcus Antonius Gnipho, â€Å"a man of great talent, of unexampled powers of memory, and well read not only in Latin but in Greek as well,† as Caesar’s tutor. â€Å"He first gave instruction in the house of the Deified Julius, when the latter was still a boy, and then in his own home,† writes Suetonius, citing Cicero as another of Gnipho’s students. Gnipho is the only of Caesar’s teachers whose name we know today, but as an expert in languages, rhetoric, and literature, he clearly taught his most famous protà ©gà © well. Another way of ensuring your son’s future in ancient Rome? Obtaining a wife for him who had wealth or was well-bred – or both! Caesar was first engaged to one Cossutia, whom Suetonius describes as â€Å"a lady of only equestrian rank, but very wealthy, who had been betrothed to him before he assumed the gown of manhood.† Caesar decided on another woman with an even better pedigree, though: he â€Å"married Cornelia, daughter of that Cinna who was four times consul, by whom he afterwards had a daughter Julia.†Ã‚  It looks like Caesar learned some of his savvy from his mama! Eventually, the dictator Sulla, enemy of Caesar’s uncle Marius, wanted the boy to divorce Cornelia, but Aurelia worked her magic again. Caesar refused, endangering his life and those of his loved ones. Thanks to â€Å"the good offices of the Vestal virgins and of his near kinsmen, Mamercus Aemilius and Aurelius Cotta, he obtained forgiveness,† says Suetonius. But let’s be honest: who brought in her family and prominent Roman priestesses to help her baby boy? Most likely, it was Aurelia. Give Your Mom a Kiss When Caesar was elected to the highest priesthood in Rome, the office of pontifex maximus,  he made sure to kiss his mom goodbye before he went out to achieve this honor. It looks like Aurelia still lived with her son at this time, too! Writes Plutarch, â€Å"The day for the election came, and as Caesars mother accompanied him to the door in tears, he kissed her and said: ‘Mother, to‑day thou shalt see thy son either pontifex maximus or an exile.’† Suetonius is a bit more practical about this episode, stating that Caesar bribed his way to the post to pay off his debts. â€Å"Thinking on the enormous debt which he had thus contracted, he is said to have declared to his mother on the morning of his election, as she kissed him when he was starting for the polls, that he would never return except as pontifex,† he writes. Aurelia seems to have played a supporting role in her son’s life. She even kept an eye on his wayward second wife, Pompeia, who was having an affair with a prominent citizen named Clodius. Writes Plutarch, â€Å"But close watch was kept upon the womens apartments, and Aurelia, Caesars mother, a woman of discretion, would never let the young wife out of her sight, and made it difficult and dangerous for the lovers to have an interview.† At the festival of Bona Dea, the Good Goddess, in which only women were allowed to participate, Clodius dressed as up as a female to meet Pompeia, but Aurelia foiled their plot. As he was â€Å"trying to avoid the lights, an attendant of Aurelia came upon him and asked him to play with her, as one woman would another, and when he refused, she dragged him forward and asked who he was and whence he came,† describes Plutarch. Aurelia’s maid started screaming once she realized a man had intruded on these rites. But her mistress remained calm and handled it like an ancient Olivia Pope. According to Plutarch, â€Å"the women were panic-stricken, and Aurelia put a stop to the mystic rites of the goddess and covered up the emblems. Then she ordered the doors to be closed and went about the house with torches, searching for Clodius.† Aurelia and the other women reported the sacrilege to their husbands and sons, and Caesar divorced the licentious Pompeia. Thanks, Mom! Alas, not even courageous Aurelia could survive forever. She passed away in Rome while Caesar was campaigning abroad. Caesar’s daughter, Julia, died in childbed around the same time, making this loss a triple one: â€Å"Within this same space of time he lost first his mother, then his daughter, and soon afterwards his grandchild,† says Suetonius.   Talk about a blow! The loss of Julia is often cited as one reason why Caesar and Pompey’s alliance began to deteriorate, but the death of Aurelia, Caesars number one fan, couldn’t have helped her sons faith in all things good. Eventually, Aurelia became the ancestress of royalty as the great-grandmother of the first Roman emperor, Augustus. Not a bad way to end a career as Supermom.